Diploma Surveying 3 Lab Manual

The Diploma Surveying 3 Lab Manual provides comprehensive guidance for surveying laboratory exercises, covering fundamental principles, equipment operation, field procedures, data collection techniques, and analysis methods. This manual is designed to support students in developing practical surveying skills through hands-on experiments and field exercises. Below are key sections covering safety protocols, equipment overview, experimental procedures, data analysis, and reporting requirements.

Laboratory Safety and Equipment

Essential safety protocols and personal protective equipment requirements for surveying laboratory activities.

Surveying Instruments Overview

Detailed description of surveying equipment and their proper handling procedures.

1. Total Station: Electronic distance measurement and angle measurement instrument.
2. Theodolite: Optical instrument for measuring horizontal and vertical angles.
3. Auto Level: Automatic leveling instrument for elevation measurements.
4. GPS Receiver: Satellite-based positioning system for coordinate determination.
5. Measuring Tape: Standard 30m and 50m tapes for distance measurement.
6. Prism and Pole: Reflective targets for electronic distance measurement.
7. Tripod: Stable support for surveying instruments.
8. Plumb Bob: Vertical alignment tool for instrument setup.

WARNING! Handle instruments with care; avoid sudden impacts and exposure to extreme weather conditions.

Field Measurement Techniques

Step-by-step procedures for conducting field measurements and observations.

1. Instrument Setup: Level and center theodolite/total station on tripod.
2. Backsight Orientation: Establish reference direction for angular measurements.
3. Distance Measurement: Use EDM or tape for horizontal distances.
4. Angle Measurement: Record horizontal and vertical angles accurately.
5. Height Measurement: Determine instrument height and target height.
6. Coordinate Collection: Record northing, easting, and elevation data.
7. Quality Control: Perform checks to verify measurement accuracy.

CAUTION! Ensure stable instrument setup and verify measurements through repetition.

Data Collection Procedures

• Field Notes: Systematic recording of all measurements and observations.
• Data Format: Standardized recording format for consistency.
• Instrument Logs: Record instrument settings and environmental conditions.
• Sketch Maps: Field sketches showing measurement locations.
• Digital Recording: Electronic data collection using data collectors.
• Quality Checks: Verification procedures for data accuracy.
• Backup Procedures: Multiple copies of field data.
• Chain of Custody: Documentation of data handling procedures.

Calculation Methods

Mathematical procedures for reducing field measurements to final coordinates and elevations.

Coordinate Calculations: Traverse computations, coordinate geometry, intersection solutions.

Distance Corrections: Slope to horizontal reduction, temperature and tension adjustments. Angle Adjustments: Balancing traverse angles, error distribution. Elevation Computations: Differential leveling reductions, grade calculations. Area Calculations: Coordinate method, trapezoidal rule, Simpson's rule. Volume Computations: Cross-section method, end-area method, prismoidal formula.

Error Analysis and Adjustment

Procedures for identifying, quantifying, and adjusting measurement errors.

1. Error Classification: Systematic vs. random errors identification.
2. Precision Assessment: Standard deviation and variance calculations.
3. Error Propagation: Analysis of how errors affect final results.
4. Adjustment Methods: Least squares adjustment techniques.
5. Acceptance Criteria: Tolerance limits for various survey types.

Tip: Always perform independent checks and redundant measurements.

Mapping and Plotting

Techniques for creating accurate survey maps and plans from field data.

1. Scale Selection: Choose appropriate scale for map purpose.
2. Coordinate Plotting: Manual and digital plotting methods.
3. Symbolization: Standard surveying symbols and conventions.
4. Annotation: Proper labeling of features and dimensions.
5. Border and Title Block: Professional map presentation standards.
6. Digital Drafting: CAD software procedures for map production.
7. Quality Assurance: Verification of plotted coordinates and dimensions.
8. Final Review: Comprehensive check of completed maps.

WARNING! Verify scale accuracy and coordinate transformations during plotting.

Laboratory Reports

Standard format and requirements for surveying laboratory reports.

Equipment Maintenance

Routine maintenance procedures for surveying instruments and equipment.

CAUTION! Follow manufacturer guidelines for cleaning and calibration; avoid using harsh chemicals on optical components.

Reference Standards

Applicable surveying standards, specifications, and reference materials. Compliance with national surveying standards and practices. Reference to fundamental surveying textbooks and technical manuals. Adherence to accuracy standards for different survey classes. Documentation of standard procedures and best practices.

Troubleshooting Common Issues

Technical Support: Contact laboratory instructor or equipment manufacturer for assistance.

Emergency Contacts: Laboratory supervisor and campus security numbers posted in lab.